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<h1>You Don’t Need a Science Degree to End World Hunger</h1>
<p><span>This article originally appeared at <a href="http://www.tedmed.com/talks/show?id=529961" target="_self" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer">TEDMED</a>.</span></p>&#13;
<hr style="width: 50%;" width="50%"><p style="padding-left: 30px; "><em><a href="http://jn.nutrition.org/content/141/6/1114.long" target="_self" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer">Interviewer</a>: &ldquo;Have you ever done anything to help your family have enough food or to make food last a long time?&rdquo;</em></p>&#13;
<p style="padding-left: 30px; "><em>Child: &ldquo;Yes.&rdquo;</em></p>&#13;
<p style="padding-left: 30px; "><em>Interviewer: &ldquo;What do you do?&rdquo;</em></p>&#13;
<p style="padding-left: 30px; "><em>Child: &ldquo;I normally don&rsquo;t eat it that much.&rdquo;</em></p>&#13;
<hr style="width: 50%;" width="50%"><p><span style="height: 1.5em;">It was a hard country. Amid abundant mineral resources and great natural beauty, some of the nation&rsquo;s poorest </span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022318212801373" style="height: 1.5em;"> women skipped meals so that their children could have enough to eat</a><span style="height: 1.5em;">. The kids were no slouches. They knew what was happening. In a heartbreaking turn, the children </span><a href="http://jn.nutrition.org/content/141/6/1114.long" style="height: 1.5em;" target="_self" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer"> skimped on food, too</a><span style="height: 1.5em;">. So that there&rsquo;d be more left for their families. So that they wouldn&rsquo;t be reduced to begging from their neighbors.</span></p>&#13;
<p>Luckily, I was leaving this country for one filled with entrepreneurs and technologists who&rsquo;d cracked the problem of hunger.</p>&#13;
<p>Luckily, I was leaving the United States for Malawi.</p>&#13;
<p>It may seem jaundiced to compare the lot of women in the <a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value&amp;sort=asc"> world&rsquo;s poorest country</a> with one of the world&rsquo;s richest. Few would argue that Malawi has ended hunger. Four in ten children there suffer &ldquo;stunting&rdquo;&mdash;a privation of nutrients in the first 1,000 days of life that breaks bodies for a lifetime.</p>&#13;
<blockquote>People who face hunger can be incredibly smart about solving it.</blockquote>&#13;
<p>Yet it&rsquo;s true that, when faced with the choice of feeding themselves or their children, mothers around the world skip meals so that their kids don&rsquo;t go hungry. In the United States, <a href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err194.aspx">one person in seven</a>&nbsp; struggles with hunger, and in some of those families, mothers skip meals for their kids. It&rsquo;s true in the United States, and it&rsquo;s true in Malawi. It&rsquo;s hard to hear that what we think of as third world problems are first world ones too.</p>&#13;
<p>The other thing that&rsquo;s true: people who face hunger can be incredibly smart about solving it. The American child interviewed at the top of this story did what anyone would do for someone they loved. Given their constraints, they shouldered a burden to make it easier for the ones they care about. What I learned from some parents in Malawi is that great technology can, and should, change those constraints.</p>&#13;
<p>In Malawi, one of the constraints is that there&rsquo;s not enough dietary diversity. If breakfast, lunch, and dinner are all some variation of corn, bodies can break. To solve this, the<a href="http://soilandfood.org/"> Soils, Food and Healthy Communities Project</a> in Malawi used ideas that are both cutting-edge, and very old: a peer-to-peer network of research and experimentation to find the best crops for human and soil health, the best planting patterns, and the best farming techniques, to get more from the land.</p>&#13;
<p>Once they broke through that constraint, they confronted a far deeper one. The new farming practices require more harvest work. Women want to harvest because then they control the crop, and control who it gets sold to. But women also cook, clean, and fetch water and firewood&mdash;work that is fundamental to rural households in Malawi.</p>&#13;
<blockquote>They&rsquo;ve developed networks of problem-solving skills that have gone on to address other constraints.</blockquote>&#13;
<p>You can watch the TEDMED talk at the end of this article, to find out how the farmer research teams broke through this constraint, in spectacular style. What matters more, though, is how they found and addressed the problem. Those of us with access to lab coats can proudly point to years of scientific training, but one of the hardest-won skills&mdash;one that my students find hardest to do&mdash;is peer review.</p>&#13;
<p>Malawian farmers do it better than doctoral students. They run trials, compare findings, confront each other in meeting after meeting, and argue because, unlike for academics, this isn&rsquo;t academic. The results matter. There are plenty of strong personalities at the Soils, Food and Healthy Communities project, but no one knows who exactly came up with their eventual solution to the problem of hunger. It emerged through a series of meetings, as an exercise in collective technological innovation. Attribution matters less than results, because the stakes are so high.</p>&#13;
<p>That&rsquo;s the great gift of grassroots technologists like those in Malawi. They&rsquo;ve developed networks of problem-solving skills that have gone on to address other constraints, like limits to grain storage facilities, lack of access to banks, and even climate change. (A women&rsquo;s collective has emerged to make stoves that use considerably less wood than open fires&mdash;and the stoves are called &ldquo;Climate Change stoves.&rdquo;) Whether in the United States, Malawi, or anywhere else, these ideas can help the world feed itself. Of course, it&rsquo;s important not to be starry-eyed&mdash;there are many reasons why things work well here: an absence of interference by large corporations, state neglect, a benign village headman, and some terrific activism from local leaders.</p>&#13;
<p>Yet the lessons remain clear. Too often, experts in white coats won&rsquo;t believe that people without shoes can develop technology. But if I&rsquo;ve learned anything from working with farmers in Malawi, it&rsquo;s that a little humility, ingenuity, and a great deal of local science can stop mothers, and children, from ever skipping a meal again.</p>&#13;
<p><iframe frameborder="0" height="366" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pP5tZc9-JIg" style="" width="650"></iframe></p>
<p>This article originally appeared in <a href="https://www.yesmagazine.org">Yes! Magazine</a> at <a href="https://www.yesmagazine.org/environment/2016/03/16/you-dont-need-a-science-degree-to-end-world-hunger">https://www.yesmagazine.org/environment/2016/03/16/you-dont-need-a-science-degree-to-end-world-hunger</a>.</p><link href="https://www.yesmagazine.org/environment/2016/03/16/you-dont-need-a-science-degree-to-end-world-hunger" rel="canonical"/><p>Yes! Magazine is a nonprofit, independent media organization dedicated to telling stories of ... . Learn more at <a href="https://www.yesmagazine.org">Yes! Magazine</a></p><img id="republication-tracker-tool-source" src="https://www.yesmagazine.org/?republication-pixel=true&post=11490&ga4=G-74QJNNY44Z" style="width:1px;height:1px;">

You Don’t Need a Science Degree to End World Hunger
This article originally appeared at TEDMED.
Interviewer: “Have you ever done anything to help your family have enough food or to make food last a long time?”
Child: “Yes.”
Interviewer: “What do you do?”
Child: “I normally don’t eat it that much.”
It was a hard country. Amid abundant mineral resources and great natural beauty, some of the nation’s poorest  women skipped meals so that their children could have enough to eat. The kids were no slouches. They knew what was happening. In a heartbreaking turn, the children  skimped on food, too. So that there’d be more left for their families. So that they wouldn’t be reduced to begging from their neighbors.
Luckily, I was leaving this country for one filled with entrepreneurs and technologists who’d cracked the problem of hunger.
Luckily, I was leaving the United States for Malawi.
It may seem jaundiced to compare the lot of women in the  world’s poorest country with one of the world’s richest. Few would argue that Malawi has ended hunger. Four in ten children there suffer “stunting”—a privation of nutrients in the first 1,000 days of life that breaks bodies for a lifetime.
People who face hunger can be incredibly smart about solving it.
Yet it’s true that, when faced with the choice of feeding themselves or their children, mothers around the world skip meals so that their kids don’t go hungry. In the United States, one person in seven  struggles with hunger, and in some of those families, mothers skip meals for their kids. It’s true in the United States, and it’s true in Malawi. It’s hard to hear that what we think of as third world problems are first world ones too.
The other thing that’s true: people who face hunger can be incredibly smart about solving it. The American child interviewed at the top of this story did what anyone would do for someone they loved. Given their constraints, they shouldered a burden to make it easier for the ones they care about. What I learned from some parents in Malawi is that great technology can, and should, change those constraints.
In Malawi, one of the constraints is that there’s not enough dietary diversity. If breakfast, lunch, and dinner are all some variation of corn, bodies can break. To solve this, the Soils, Food and Healthy Communities Project in Malawi used ideas that are both cutting-edge, and very old: a peer-to-peer network of research and experimentation to find the best crops for human and soil health, the best planting patterns, and the best farming techniques, to get more from the land.
Once they broke through that constraint, they confronted a far deeper one. The new farming practices require more harvest work. Women want to harvest because then they control the crop, and control who it gets sold to. But women also cook, clean, and fetch water and firewood—work that is fundamental to rural households in Malawi.
They’ve developed networks of problem-solving skills that have gone on to address other constraints.
You can watch the TEDMED talk at the end of this article, to find out how the farmer research teams broke through this constraint, in spectacular style. What matters more, though, is how they found and addressed the problem. Those of us with access to lab coats can proudly point to years of scientific training, but one of the hardest-won skills—one that my students find hardest to do—is peer review.
Malawian farmers do it better than doctoral students. They run trials, compare findings, confront each other in meeting after meeting, and argue because, unlike for academics, this isn’t academic. The results matter. There are plenty of strong personalities at the Soils, Food and Healthy Communities project, but no one knows who exactly came up with their eventual solution to the problem of hunger. It emerged through a series of meetings, as an exercise in collective technological innovation. Attribution matters less than results, because the stakes are so high.
That’s the great gift of grassroots technologists like those in Malawi. They’ve developed networks of problem-solving skills that have gone on to address other constraints, like limits to grain storage facilities, lack of access to banks, and even climate change. (A women’s collective has emerged to make stoves that use considerably less wood than open fires—and the stoves are called “Climate Change stoves.”) Whether in the United States, Malawi, or anywhere else, these ideas can help the world feed itself. Of course, it’s important not to be starry-eyed—there are many reasons why things work well here: an absence of interference by large corporations, state neglect, a benign village headman, and some terrific activism from local leaders.
Yet the lessons remain clear. Too often, experts in white coats won’t believe that people without shoes can develop technology. But if I’ve learned anything from working with farmers in Malawi, it’s that a little humility, ingenuity, and a great deal of local science can stop mothers, and children, from ever skipping a meal again.

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